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                  Census – 1851 religious census

                  On the night of 30th/31st March 1851, in addition to the population census, a separate census of Accommodation and Attendance at Worship was taken. This is generally referred to as the Religious Census of 1851. Although the figures abstracted from the religious census returns were published, the Scottish returns do not appear to survive, despite having been the object of several searches over the years. The content and accuracy of the published figures are discussed in A. L. Drummond and J. Bulloch, The Church in Victorian Scotland (Saint Andrew Press, 1975), pp.110-13. There are abstract figures, county by county, clearly from the original record, in James H. Dawson, The Abridged Statistical History of The Scottish Counties (Edinburgh, 1862) pp. xlviii-lii and pp. 249-60.

                  Building Standards records

                  The earliest records of building standards work are found in the minutes of the dean of guild courts which record petitions made to the court and its decisions. These included disputes among merchants, trading concerns such as weights and measures, administrative matters and boundary disputes as well as petitions for consent to building works. The minutes usually record the name of the petitioner, the property, the proposed building works and the court’s decision (either to grant a warrant to undertake the works or to refuse consent).

                  Petitions became standardised in the 19th century, recording the petitioner’s name, the property, the proposed building work, the owners of adjoining properties who had to be informed, the date and place of the court, the date the warrant was granted and reports by the Master of Works on the proposals and inspections. They were often bound sequentially together into volumes.

                  Petitions were replaced in 1964 by applications for warrants with different forms for the four main categories: alteration and erection of buildings, demolition, alteration and erection of buildings with a limited life, and minor works (under a statutory cost). These applications were usually held in building warrant files along with the warrant, drawings (or plans), correspondence, reports of inspections of the works and a completion certificate.[1] Files may include letters of comfort which are issued on request when the certificate of completion was not issued but the works meet the required standard, or when the work did not require building warrant approval.

                  Registers of petitions were introduced in the 19th century as the number and range of building petitions increased. Registers kept by the clerk were more standardised than minutes and recorded the number of the petition, the name and address of the petitioner, the property, the proposed work, the date of the petition, the decision to grant or refuse consent and the date of the warrant. [2] Registers were also kept by the Master of Works after this post was created in 1892, and these registers usually had space for reports on the proposals, construction and completion inspections. The Master of Works also maintained separate registers of minor warrants which he approved or rejected under delegated authority. Minor warrant registers tend to include less information, with only the number of the petition, the petitioner’s name, date of petition, the property and any conditions.

                  Drawing or plans of the proposed building works were submitted along with the petition or application and from 1892 had to be available for inspection on payment of a fee.[3] The plans had to include a block or location plan, plans (each floor, foundations and roof), elevations, sections and include details of drainage and ventilation. Although there is still a general right of access to these plans, under 2009 legislation, access to plans of public buildings may be restricted where there is a security concern, and copies of plans of domestic properties can only be supplied to the owner, potential owners, tenants and potential tenants.[4]

                   

                  References

                  [1] Building (Scotland) Act 1959 (c.70)

                  [2] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55) s.166.

                  [3] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55) s.166.

                  [4] Building (Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (SSI 2004 No. 428) reg. 58, as amended by the Building (Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2009 (SSI 2009 No. 117).

                  Broadsides and Chapbooks

                  Broadsides and chapbooks were early forms of printed books, and Scottish examples survive from the 16th century until the 19th century. A broadside (or broadsheet) was, to some extent, a precursor of the tabloid newspaper, consisting of a single printed sheet of paper. Sometimes these were in the form of a single page, which could be used as a poster for public display. Others were divided into sections, with pages printed on each side, so that the buyer could fold, stitch and cut them to form booklets. A chapbook was a booklet of this sort prepared in advance by the seller. They were sold primarily by pedlars, especially at fairs and public executions. The content of chapbooks and broadsides frequently concerned executions, murders, other major crimes and strange occurrences. Many included illustrations in the form of small, crude woodcuts, and the proliferation of broadsides and chapbooks provided work for woodcutters and engravers in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were cheap to produce and to buy. By adopting a moralistic tone, they achieved a more respectable reputation than they deserved, and many were bought ostensibly to provide cautionary reading for the young. They were replaced as popular reading matter by the 19th century ‘penny dreadfuls’ (books providing cheap thrills for those whose tastes run to murder and other gruesome tales), but the content of many chapbooks were collated in various editions of the Newgate Calendar and other similar publications from the late 18th century onwards. Chapbooks and broadsides are particularly useful for the study of the history of crime and punishment, and of popular culture from the 17th century to the 19th century. Examples of broadsides and chapbooks survive in many Scottish archives, mostly among collections of private correspondence. The most important collections are held by Glasgow University Library Special Collections, Library and Archives Canada, the National Library of Scotland, and the University of Guelph.

                  Bibliography

                  Cowan, Edward J. and Mike Paterson Folk in print: Scotland’s chapbook heritage, 1750-1850 (John Donald, 2007)

                  Links

                  Glasgow University Special Collections: <https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/archivespecialcollections/discover/specialcollectionsa-z/chapbooks/> [accessed 26 April 2024]

                  Library and Archives Canada <https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/rare-book/Pages/rare-book-collection.aspx#d> [accessed 26 April 2024]

                  National Library of Scotland <https://www.nls.uk/> [accessed 26 April 2024]

                  University of Guelph, Ontario <https://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/archives/our-collections/scottish-studies/scottish-chapbook-collection> [accessed 26 April 2024]

                  University of South Carolina Scottish Literature Digital Project (includes many chapbooks and broadsides) <https://digital.library.sc.edu/exhibits/scottishliterature/> [accessed 26 April 2024]

                   

                  What is the Newgate Calendar?

                  The Newgate Calendar first appeared in the 1770s, taking its name from the prison of Newgate in London, the scene of many public executions. It consisted of a collection of accounts of murders, executions and other crimes previously sold individually in chapbooks and broadsheets. Some of these were based on real cases, others (such as the story of Sawney Bean, were almost certainly fictional). There were several precursors of the Calendar:

                  • The Tyburn Calendar, or Malefactors Bloody Register, published by G. Swindell (c. 1705)
                  • A Compleat History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Foot-Pads, Shop-Lifts and Cheats of both sexes, in and about London and Westminster, and all parts of Great Britain, for above an hundred years past, continued to the present time by Captain Alexander Smith (1719)
                  • The Chronicle of Tyburn, or Villainy Display’d in all its Branches (1720)
                  • A General and True History of the Lives and Adventures of the Most Famous Highwaymen, Murderers, Street-Robbers etc. To which is added a genuine Account of the Voyages and Plunders of the Most Noted Pirates, Interspersed with several remarkable Tryals of the most Notorious Malefactors, at the Sessions-House in the Old Bailey, London by Captain Charles Johnson (1734)
                  • The Tyburn Chronicle (1768)

                  The first work entitled The Newgate Calendar was published in 3 volumes between 1774 and 1778. Many editions and reprints of nineteenth century editions thereafter have included:

                  • The Malefactor’s Register or New Newgate and Tyburn Calendar . . . Offered not only as an Object of Curiosity and Entertainment, but as a Work of real and substantial Use (1780)
                  • The Criminal Recorder (1804)
                  • The New and Complete Newgate Calendar or Malefactor’s Universal Register, Comprising interesting Memoirs of the Most Notorious Characters who have been convicted of outrages on the Laws of England, with Speeches, Confessions, and Last Exclamations of Sufferers by William Jackson (1818)
                  • The Newgate Calendar Improved . . . Containing a number of interesting cases never before published: with Occasional remarks on Crimes and Punishments, Original Anecdotes, Moral reflections and Observations on particular Cases; Explanations of the Criminal Laws, the Speeches, Confessions and Last Exclamations of Sufferers. To which is added a Correct Account of the Various Modes of Punishment of criminals in Different Parts of the World by George Theodore Wilkinson, esq. (1822)
                  • Celebrated Trials, and remarkable cases of Criminal Jurisprudence from the earliest Records to the Year 1825 by George Borrow (1825)
                  • The Newgate Calendar by Andrew Knapp and William Baldwin (1826)
                  • The Chronicles of Crime or the New Newgate Calendar by Camden Pelham. (1841)
                  • The Complete Newgate Calendar, edited by J.L. Rayner and G.T Crook (London, 5 vols., 1926).
                  • The Newgate Calendar, edited by Edwin Valentine Mitchell (London, 1928).
                  • The Newgate Calendar, or Malefactors’ Bloody Register, edited by B. Laurie (London, 1933)
                  • The Newgate Calendar and The New Newgate Calendar, edited for the Folio Society by Sir Norman Birkett (London, 1951 & 1960 respectively; republished as a two-volume set in 1992).
                  • The Newgate Calendar (London, 3 vols, 1962-1963).

                   

                  Acts – UK Parliament (Westminster)

                  Larger reference libraries and university libraries often have runs of public acts and may have a subscription to Westlaw UK which provides online access to current and repealed legislation.  Local acts of parliament can often be harder to trace. If the relevant local studies library and local authority archive do not have this, then the National Library of Scotland should be tried, failing which, the Parliamentary Archives of the United Kingdom.

                  The text of all public acts from 1988 and all local acts from 1991 are available online at <www.legislation.gov.uk> [accessed 24 April 2024] The revised text versions (i.e. as amended and currently in force) of earlier legislation still in force is also available and this is often accompanied by the unamended act as originally printed.  Some repealed legislation is also available and there is a list of local acts from 1797 and private acts from 1707-2006 (earlier for England and Wales) as well as a range of other resources.  For further details look at the full guidance on <www.legislation.gov.uk>

                  Turnpike Trusts

                  Turnpike roads were roads funded by the collection of tolls at toll bars or turnpikes, as they were also known. Local landowners would obtain an act of parliament to establish a trust for specific roads (either existing or proposed). The trustees appointed would be empowered to borrow money, impose tolls, maintain roads and build new ones for a fixed period which could then be renewed by a further local act. The first such act in Scotland was in 1713 but they did not become widespread until the 1750s.[1] The Turnpike Roads (Scotland) Act 1831 standardised the powers and functions of turnpike trusts.[2] They were empowered to raise subscriptions and to erect, remove and replace toll bars and houses and purchase land for road improvements, and were required to erect milestones and direction posts.  Turnpike trusts were usually financed partly by tolls, partly by a share of the statute labour conversion money for the county (if it still existed), but also by heavy borrowing on the security of future income from tolls.

                  Within a single county, there could be many different turnpike trusts, in some cases operating a single road or section of a road. Other roads were maintained by statute labour trustees. In the 19th century, counties began to obtain local acts of parliament abolishing turnpike trusts and statute labour trusts and creating a single county road trust to assume responsibility for all the roads in the landward area.[3]

                  Turnpike road trusts were abolished between 1878 and 1883 as the Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 came into force.[4] This act replaced all the former roads authorities in landward areas, including the turnpike trusts, with a single county road trust for each county.

                  Records of turnpike road trusts are mainly held by local authority archives services, but some are held by the National Records of Scotland (reference codes CO).

                  Compilers: SCAN contributors (2000). Editor: Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  Related Knowledge Base entries

                  Roads

                  Statute Labour Trusts

                  County Road Trusts

                   

                  References

                  [1] Report of the Commissioners for inquiring into matters relating to public roads in Scotland (Murray & Gibb/HMSO, 1859) pp. xiv-xvi.

                  [2] An Act for upholding and repairing the bridges and highways in the county of Edinburgh 1713 (12 Anne c.x); Turnpike Roads (Scotland) Act 1831 (1 & 2 Will. IV c.43).

                  [3] Report of the Commissioners for inquiring into matters relating to public roads in Scotland (Murray & Gibb/HMSO, 1859) p. xvi.

                  [4] Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c.51).

                  Stewarty

                  A stewartry was an area of crown property administered by an appointed or hereditary steward, rather than a sheriff. Examples are Strathearn and Menteith (after annexation by the crown in the reign of James I), Orkney and Shetland and Kirkcudbright.

                  The Stewartry court had a very wide jurisdiction, and sheriff courts had no jurisdiction within them. Stewartries were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 which took effect from 25 March 1748, and their criminal jurisdictions transferred to appropriate sheriffdoms.[1] In the case of Kirkcudbright, these were the sheriffdoms of Kirkcudbright and Dumfries (the latter had jurisdiction over the eastern district of Kirkcudbrightshire). Long after it was classed as a county and operated a sheriff court, the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright continued to be referred to as ‘the Stewartry’, and indeed the area is still called that by locals today.

                  Editor: Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  Related Knowledge Base entries

                  Counties and Parishes to 1975

                   

                  References

                  [1] Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 (20 Geo. II c.43).

                  Statute Labour Trusts

                  In 1669 an act of parliament introduced the system of unpaid, compulsory labour (or ‘statute labour’) for roads maintenance.[1] Justices of the peace were to require ‘all tennents and coatters [cottars] and their servants’ to work on the public roads for a fixed number of days each year. The maximum duration of statute labour was 6 days per annum, usually done after the harvest and it could involve working a considerable distance from home, particularly in the highland counties. From 1686 the commissioners of supply were made jointly responsible with the justices of the peace for implementing this system.[2] However, it was inefficient, relying on unskilled labour, and normally without expert supervision.

                  To remedy the defects of personal statute labour, counties or smaller areas obtained local acts of parliament for its abolition and the appointment of bodies of ‘statute labour trustees’.[3] The trustees would impose a local tax (‘statute labour conversion money’) and spend the proceeds on road maintenance. The Highways etc (Scotland) Act 1845 standardised the system and allowed it to be applied generally.[4] Under this Act, trustees (including justices of the peace) were required to meet, keep minutes and accounts, and were given various powers to make and maintain statute labour roads.

                  Statute labour trusts were only responsible for statute labour roads. Other public roads were built or maintained using turnpike trusts or other means. The proliferation of different authorities acting under different legislation became confusing and inconvenient and in the nineteenth century counties began to obtain local acts of parliament abolishing personal service on the roads (if it still existed), conversion money and turnpikes, and creating a single county road trust to assume responsibility for all the roads in the landward area. This system of county road trusts was made general by the Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878, and, amongst other provisions, all remaining statute labour trusts were consequently abolished by 1 June 1883.[5]

                  Records of statute labour trusts can be found in local authority archives.  A few are held by the National Records of Scotland (reference codes CO).

                  Compilers: SCAN contributors (2000). Editor: Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  Related Knowledge Base entries

                  Roads

                  Turnpike Trusts

                  County Road Trusts

                   

                  References

                  [1] Act for repairing highways and bridges, 1669. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707,[RPS] ed. by K.M. Brown and others (University of St Andrews, 2007-2021), 1669/10/53 <http://rps.ac.uk/trans/1669/10/53> [accessed 24 May 2021].

                  [2] Act anent highways and bridges, 1686. RPS 1686/4/28 <http://rps.ac.uk/trans/1686/4/28> [accessed 24 May 2021].

                  [3] Report of the Commissioners for inquiring into matters relating to public roads in Scotland (Murray & Gibb/HMSO, 1859) p. xii.

                  [4] Highways etc (Scotland) Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c.41).

                  [5] Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c.51).

                  Special districts

                  Until the 19th century, land outwith the burghs generally had a small, dispersed population and did not have the challenges or expectations of burghs for drainage, water, lighting and scavenging.  However, in the 19th century, many towns and villages developed relatively rapidly but were not able to become police burghs and so could not operate their own services.  This problem was resolved by the development of special districts for specific purposes.

                  The Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 provided that on a requisition from ten or more inhabitants of a local area, the local authority (burgh council or parochial board) should consider the formation of a special water supply district or special drainage district.[1]  These districts, normally small areas within a landward parish, often played an important part in bringing water supplies to rural areas and in the provision of sewerage and drainage.  After the formation of county councils and district committees in 1889, district committees could appoint a sub-committee for the management and maintenance of water supply works or drainage in a special district.  There was also provision for joint arrangements where the special district included both county and burgh areas.[2]

                  Special water supply districts and drainage districts survived successive reforms and were only finally abolished by, respectively, the Water (Scotland) Act 1949 and the Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968.[3] By those dates, however, many of them had already been abolished or merged by the county councils.

                  The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894 provided for the formation by county councils or district committees of special lighting districts and special scavenging districts.[4]  Once formed, these special districts were able to adopt the clauses for the provision of street lighting and the lighting of common stairs, passages and courts, contained in the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892.[5]

                  Surviving records of special districts can be found in local authority archives services. Records relating to their formation can be found in National Records of Scotland (reference code DD13).

                  Compilers: SCAN contributors (2000). Editor:  Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  References

                  [1] Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c.101).

                  [2] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c.50) s.81.

                  [3] Water (Scotland) Act 1949 (12 & 13 Geo. VI c.31); Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968 (c.47).

                  [4] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c.58) s.44.

                  [5] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55).

                  Senior Officials – Medical Officer of Health

                  In the mid-19th century some burghs, such as Edinburgh, obtained local acts of parliament to enable them to appoint medical officers but from 1867, all burghs and parochial boards were permitted to appoint medical officers of health and to levy a general rate on householders for public health purposes.[1] However, only a few local authorities appointed full-time medical officers of health. It therefore became compulsory for county councils to appoint county medical officers of health in order to monitor and oversee the provision of improvements in the health of the county. [2] Shortly afterwards the same requirement was extended to burghs. [3] This requirement was repeated in subsequent legislation: in 1929 responsibilities were given to county councils and large burghs and in 1947 town councils and county councils were required to appoint a medical officer of health. [4]

                  Medical officers of health had to be registered medical practitioners and also hold a qualification in sanitary science, public health or state medicine.[5] Their main duties were established by the public health acts, including the isolation and treatment of those suffering from infectious diseases and the identification of the causes of such diseases. They were required to make annual reports to the Board of Supervision and then its successor, the Local Government Board for Scotland, which was authorised to compile regulations concerning the duties of medical officers of health.[6] In 1909, the medical inspection of schoolchildren was added to these duties.[7] The local government acts included a duty to ascertain the extent of diseases and recommend ways of preventing the spread of diseases. Their duties overlapped with the duties of sanitary inspectors, as both had powers of entry to inspect and require the cleansing of dwelling-houses and to require improvements to drainage, conversion of privies to water closets and inspect the sanitary condition of slaughterhouses.

                  After the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 some of the duties of medical officers of health were removed from local government, but they continued to be responsible for the provision of community and public health services. The National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972 transferred this role to the new health boards and therefore removed it from the functions of local government.[8]

                  Editor: Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  Related Knowledge Base entries

                  Medical Officers of Health records

                  Bibliography

                  McLachlan, Gordon (ed.), Improving the Common Weal: aspects of Scottish health services 1900-1984 (Edinburgh University Press for the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 1987)

                  Skelton’s Handbook of Public Health, The Handbook of Public Health, Part 1 – The Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897 with notes revised by James Patten Macdougall and Abijah Murray, (Edinburgh and London, 1898)

                  Skelton, John, The Handbook of Public Health (London and Edinburgh, 1890)

                   

                  References

                  [1] Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c.101) s.8.

                  [2] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c.50) s.52.

                  [3] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55) s.77.

                  [4] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. VI c.43) s.79, s.87.

                  [5] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55) s.77; Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c.50) s.52.

                  [6] Public Health (Scotland) Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c.101); Public Health (Scotland) Act 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c.38).

                  [7] Education (Scotland) Act 1908 (8 Edw. VII c.64) s.4.

                  [8] National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972 (c.58).

                  Senior Officials – Clerk

                  The Clerk of a local authority kept the minutes, correspondence and other administrative records and acted as its legal adviser. The functions and responsibilities varied according to the type of local authority. Duties generally included maintaining correspondence on behalf of the local authority, acting as the local authority’s solicitor in the passage of legislation affecting the local authority and related agreements, representing the local authority in legal disputes, authorising public notices, drafting and publishing bye-laws, representing the local authority at joint meetings such as the Convention of Royal, Parliamentary and Police Burghs, maintaining statutory registers such as the register of shops, register of halls & cinemas etc, and property and land transactions.

                  In the medieval period the town clerk might also be clerk to the kirk session or clerk to one or more of the various trade guilds (Hammermen, Glovers, etc) who had representation on the town council. By the 18th century, town clerks were often solicitors (writers) who maintained private practice while also acting as clerk to the town council and other local authorities.

                  The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833 required police burgh commissioners to appoint a clerk, to keep records and make these open for inspection without payment of fee. Certified extracts were subject to a fee.[1] The clerk was not permitted to act as ‘Agent or Solicitor’ in the trial of any offence committed within the boundaries, and the same person could not be both clerk and treasurer.[2] Subsequent legislation continued this requirement for town councils. In 1862 the duties included keeping records, providing certified extracts, issuing licences, acting as the named person in any legal action, for or against the commissioners, and for heritable property and maintaining and publishing certified copies of byelaws and recording bonds.[3]

                  Counties were required to appoint a clerk by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. [4] This made arrangements to ensure the clerks of the bodies which were abolished by the act were not adversely affected: the clerk to the commissioners of supply became the county clerk and the clerks to the county roads trustees and the Justices of the Peace were to remain in office until the individuals resigned or otherwise ceased to hold office at which point their duties transferred to the county clerk. The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 required district councils to appoint clerks and enabled county clerks to appoint deputes.[5] The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 required county councils, district councils and town councils to appoint a clerk.[6]

                  The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 amended previous legislation to remove the titles of town clerk, county clerk and district clerk and replaced these roles with the term ‘proper officer’ of the regional, district or islands councils.[7] The legislation did not specify the appointment of a chief executive but by the 1980s, 95% of councils had appointed one, often initially with a background in law and administration but gradually a wider range of professional backgrounds emerged.[8]

                  Compiler: Elspeth Reid (2021)

                  Bibliography

                  Kerley, Richard & Mark Urquhart, Local authority organisation and management in Scotland 1975-1996 (Scottish Office Central Research Unit, 1997)

                  Pryde, George S., Central and local government in Scotland since 1707 (Historical Association (Great Britain) 1960)

                  Robertson, David, ‘The Town Clerks of Edinburgh’ in Historical studies in the development of local government services in Edinburgh Series 1 (National Association of Local Government Officers, Edinburgh and District Branch. 1935-36), pp. 5-14

                  Whyte, W. E., The Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929: a popular exposition of its provisions (Hodge & Co, 1929)

                   

                  References

                  [1] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c.46) s.47.

                  [2] Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c.46) s.48-49.

                  [3] General Police and Improvement (Scotland) Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict c.101) s.64, s.67.

                  [4] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c.50) s.83.

                  [5] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo. V c.25) s.26, s.43.

                  [6] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. VI c.43) s.76, s.84, s.94.

                  [7] Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 (c.65).

                  [8] Richard Kerley with Mark Urquhart Local Authority Organisation and management in Scotland, 1975-1996 (Scottish Office Central Research Unit, 1997).